Witches and Wars   

 

pp. 438 - 443 (6)
p. 442 Witchcraft Trial

 

FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION

  • Huguenots= the name by which French Calvinists were called
  • Ultra-Catholics= extreme Catholic party, how favored a strict opposition to the Huguenots
  • Politiques= a group who placed politics above religion; believe no religion truth was worth the damage of civil war
  • Henry of Navarre= political leader of Huguenots, member of Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne, and in order to be accepted by Catholic France, converted to Catholicism. His coronation ended the war
  • The Edict of Nantes= made Catholicism the official religion of France, but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship, and to have all political privileges such as the right to hold public office

 

PHILIP II AND THE CAUSE OF MILITANT CATHOLICISM

  • King Philip II= “the Most Catholic King”, Spanish King, strengthened his control by exerting strict conformity to Catholicism on his subjects
  • United Provinces of the Netherlands= Dutch state, came to hold as much power in the world as Britain and France, used to be Spanish Netherlands, and was one of the richest part of Philip’s empire

 

TH ENGLAND OF ELIZABETH

  • Elizabeth Tudor= Queen of England, avoided major conflict, however she aided Calvinists in the Netherlands and in France.
  • The Spanish Armada= French attempt to invade England and convert it from Protestant back to Catholicism

 

THE WITCHCRAFT CRAZE

  • Witches
    • Were usually female, elderly and of lower classes
    • Confessed to allegiances with the devil, attending nocturnal gatherings, using evil incantations, special powers or ointments to wreak havoc on neighbors by killing livestock, or injuring children and even engaging in sexual orgies with the devil AFTER being tortured
    • Many were hung or burned at the stake
    • Trials occurred in Protestant areas of Europe
    • Contributed to the notion that Females were inferior to males

 

REVOLUTION AND WAR

  • English Revolution= most famous and wide-ranging struggle in England, affected all of Europe

 

THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

  • Peace of Westphalia= ended the Thirty Years’ War; ensured all German states were free to determine their on Religion. This also brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire, and now the states were independent. Also separated politics and religion

 

BBR: A WITCHCRAFT TRAIL IN FRANCE

  • Suzanne Gaudry
    • First confessed to being a witch, then retracted the statement, and then kept denying herself as a witch, confessing only until she was stretched tight on the rack.

 

 

Genevieve Flores

Per 4

1/3/05